WASHINGTON (TNS) Big cities have shielded their residents from the impact of Chinas decision last year to curtail the solid waste it will accept from other countries. But rural and small-town residents are starting to get squeezed by a change that is wreaking havoc on the global recycling market.
Hannibal, Mo., population 18,000, has stopped accepting recyclable plastics labeled with the numbers 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7, such as yogurt containers and shampoo bottles. Villages near Erie, Pa., no longer take glass. And in Columbia County, N.Y., nestled in the Hudson Valley, residents soon will have to pay $50 a year to dump their materials at one of the countys recycling centers.
China, for decades the worlds largest importer of waste paper, used plastic and scrap metal, last year stopped accepting certain kinds of recyclables and tightened its standards for impurities in scrap bales. In making the changes, Chinas Ministry of Environment Protection cited environmental damage caused by dirty wastes or even hazardous wastes mixed in with solid waste that can be recycled into raw materials.
Many Americans now have access to single-stream recycling, which spares them the trouble of sorting and separating plastics, paper, glass and metal. But single-stream recycling has created headaches for Chinese processors. Even after sorting at a U.S. recycling facility, a plastic container might make it into a shipment of tin cans. Glass breaks, and shards are mixed in with pieces of paper.
The industry standard for contamination typically ranges between 1 and 5 percent. Under the new policy, Chinas standard is 0.5 percent.
They didnt just change the policies, they radically changed the entire world market in one fell swoop, said Joe Greer, director of sales for Buffalo Recycling Enterprises, which accepts recyclables from a number of small towns along Lake Erie.
Recyclers have stockpiled certain materials while they look for buyers. Some types of scraps have declined in value, while others have become worthless. Many large cities have just absorbed the losses, fearing that passing on the cost to residents would discourage recycling.
Small towns cant bear that financial burden.
Instead, theyve had to scale back the types of recyclables they accept or have started charging fees to cover the ballooning costs of their programs. The result is a growing disparity between the recycling services available to city dwellers and those for rural and small-town residents.
Rural communities have this challenge of very small volume, and the cost of collecting and transporting something of very low value in the market is going to exceed that value, said Susan Robinson, a senior policy director with Houston-based Waste Management, the largest waste collection company in North America.
SMALL-TOWN recycling programs already are more expensive than those in bigger cities. Houses tend to be farther apart, making collection more expensive. Rural communities spend more to transport their recyclables to centers that can find markets. And they cannot produce the volume of material that buyers want.
Hannibal, like many small towns, never made much money from lower-quality plastics, such as Nos. 3 through 7. Those containers are composed of a blend of plastics and other materials that dont break down easily. And buyers tend to want truckloads of the stuff more than a place such as Hannibal can provide.
Now that China has tightened its policies, the town simply cant afford to accept those plastics. While 2 Rivers Industries, Hannibals recycler, used to make a profit of about $30 a ton on those plastics, it now must pay $60 to $70 a ton just to send them to processors.
Melonie Nevels, executive director of 2 Rivers Industries, said it has stored 40 tons of low-grade plastics. To avoid the cost of transporting the plastic to a landfill, she is trying to sell it to a company that will burn it for fuel.
Some Chinese companies are expanding into the United States to create more capacity to process recycled goods. Several recycling experts said that as the domestic market for scraps develops, the recycling industry should stabilize. But small towns will remain vulnerable to jolts along the way.
In small cities, they have smaller budgets and they just pay closer attention in a lot of senses to what their costs are, said Mathias Harter, general manager of Green Circle Recycling and a former mayor of La Crosse, Wis. The town no longer accepts plastic Nos. 3, 6 and 7.
They dont have as much to work with for resources, Harter said. They dont have as great of economies of scale. You often see they are the ones paying very close attention to fine lines and expenses.
